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Eleanor Coade (3 June 1733 – 16 November 1821)〔(Alison Kelly, "Eleanor Coade" ), ''Oxford National Dictionary of Biography''〕 was a British businesswoman known for manufacturing Neoclassical statues, architectural decorations and garden ornaments made of "Lithodipyra" (Coade stone) for over 50 years from 1769 until her death. She should not be confused with her mother, also named Eleanor.〔Since the mid-20th century, there has been some confusion between Eleanor and her mother (Eleanor, Elinore), as to which one ran the factory. This is primarily due to Miss Eleanor Coade's customary use of the title "Mrs"; this was a commonplace 'courtesy title' for any unmarried woman in business. But, analysis of the bills shows that Eleanor Coade (daughter) was fully in charge from 1771. (Alison Kelly, ''Oxford National Dictionary of Biography'' (ONDB))〕 〔Alison Kelly states on page 23 of ''Mrs Coade's Stone'' – "Since mother and daughter had the same name, confusion has reigned over the contribution of each of them to the manufactory. The widow Coade was of course Mrs, and it has been assumed that any mention of Mrs Coade must refer to her. Rupert Gunnis, for instance, believed that the widow ran the factory until her death, in her late eighties, in 1796. What is not generally realised is that women in business, in Georgian times, had the courtesy title of Mrs, so Mrs in the Coade records, normally refers to Miss Coade. Bills were usually headed Eleanor Coade, but two, as early as 1771, for Hatfield Priory, Essex, and 1773, for work at Burton upon Trent Town Hall, were made out to Miss Coade, showing that from the early days she was in charge. The only references which specifically concern the mother are the first two entries for the factory in the Lambeth Poor rate books, when the rate was paid by Widow Coade."〕 〔It appears that the modern identity confusion dates from 1951 (or earlier) when Sir Howard Roberts and Walter H. Godfrey published the ''Survey of London: volume 23 – Lambeth: South Bank and Vauxhall.'' Its inadequate research about the Coade family genealogy led to both gaps and false conclusions. Errors were repeated by Rupert Gunnis in his 1953 ''Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660–1851''. More recently, the 'British History Online' website affirmed the Coade errors of the otherwise excellent Roberts and Godfrey ''Survey of London'' on their prestigious website ((British History.ac.uk )) and some other internet sites have repeated the claims.〕 Lithodipyra ("stone fired twice") was a high quality, durable moulded weather-resistant, ceramic stoneware; statues and decorative features from this still look new today. Coade did not invent 'artificial stone', as various inferior quality precursors had been both patented and manufactured over the previous forty years, but she likely perfected both the clay recipe and the firing process. She combined high-quality manufacturing and artistic taste, together with entrepreneurial, business and marketing skills, to create the overwhelmingly successful stone products of her age. She produced stoneware for St George's Chapel, Windsor; The Royal Pavilion, Brighton; Carlton House, London and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Shortly after her death, her company produced a large quantity of stoneware used in the refurbishment of Buckingham Palace.〔〔 Born in Exeter to two families of wool merchants and weavers, she ran her business, "Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory", "Coade and Sealy" and latterly "Coade" (by appointment to George III and the Prince Regent), for fifty years in Lambeth, London. A devout Baptist, she died unmarried in Camberwell. In 1784 an uncle, Samuel Coade, gave her Belmont House, a holiday villa in Lyme Regis, her late father's town of origin. She decorated the house extensively with Coade stone.〔〔("Belmont House" ), Landmark Trust〕 ==Personal life== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eleanor Coade」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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